Wahi a kahi hōʻike noiʻi a ka World Health Organization, ʻo ka nui o nā maʻi myopia ma Kina i hiki i ka 600 miliona ma 2018, a ʻo ka helu myopia ma waena o nā ʻōpio i helu mua ma ka honua.Ua lilo ʻo Kina i ʻāina nui loa o ka honua me ka myopia.Wahi a ka ʻikepili helu helu 2021, ʻo ka helu myopia e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka heluna o ka ʻāina.Me ka nui o ka poʻe myopia, he mea nui ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike ʻoihana pili i ka myopia.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka myopia
ʻAʻole maopopo ka pathogenesis o ka myopia i kēia manawa.No ka maʻalahi, ʻaʻole maopopo iā mākou ke kumu o ka myopia.
Nā mea pili i ka myopia
Wahi a ka noiʻi lapaʻau a me ka optometry, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka myopia e hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā kumu he nui e like me ka genetics a me ke kaiapuni, a pili paha i kēia mau mea.
1. Loaʻa i ka myopia kekahi ʻano genetic.E like me ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka genetic kumu o myopia lilo i oi a oi ka hohonu, oi loa aku pathological myopia he ohana mōʻaukala, ka mea, i kēia manawa ua hōʻoia i ka pathological myopia he hookahi-gene genetic maʻi, a me ka mea maʻamau ka autosomal recessive hoʻoilina..Hoʻoili ʻia ka myopia maʻalahi mai nā kumu he nui, me nā kumu i loaʻa ke kuleana nui.
2. Ma ke ano o na mea pili i ke kaiapuni, he mau mea e like me ka loihi o ka heluhelu kokoke ana, ka lawa ole o ka malamalama, ka loihi o ka heluhelu ana, ka maopopo ole a i ole ka li'ili'i o ka lima kakau ana, ka noho maikai ole o ka noho ana, ka ai ole, ka emi ana o na hana o waho, a me ka hoonui o ka hoonaauao. ka ulu ʻana o ka myopia.pili i ka hanana.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa o ka myopia
Nui nā ʻano o ka myopia, no ka mea, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu o ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ke kumu o ka refractive abnormalities, ke degere o ka myopia, ka lōʻihi o ka myopia, ke kūpaʻa, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i mau pae hoʻohālikelike.
1. E like me ke degere o ka myopia:
Haʻahaʻa myopia:emi iho ma lalo o 300 degere (≤-3.00 D).
ʻO ka myopia haʻahaʻa:300 degere a 600 degere (-3.00 D~-6.00 D).
Myopia:ʻoi aku ma mua o 600 degere (>-6.00 D) (kapa ʻia ʻo myopia pathological)
2. E like me ka hana refractive (kumu pololei):
(1) Myopia refractive,ʻO ia ka myopia ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mana refractive o ka maka ma muli o nā ʻāpana refractive ʻole o ka maka a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻoiai he maʻamau ka lōʻihi o ke axial o ka maka.ʻO kēia ʻano myopia hiki ke lōʻihi a paʻa paha.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka myopia refractive i ka myopia curvature a me ka myopia index refractive.ʻO ka mua ke kumu nui ʻia e ka curvature nui o ka cornea a i ʻole lens, e like me ka poʻe maʻi me keratoconus, lens spherical a i ʻole nā lens liʻiliʻi;ʻO ka mea hope ke kumu o ka helu helu refractive kiʻekiʻe o ka wai hoʻohenehene a me ka lens, e like me ka cataract mua, nā maʻi ʻeha kino iris-ciliary.
(2) Axial myopia:Ua mahele hou ia i ka myopia axial non-plastic a me ka myopia axial plastic.ʻO ka myopia axial non-plastic he mea maʻamau ka mana refractive o ka maka, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka axis anterior a me hope o ka maka o ka maka.ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻonui 1mm i ke koʻi maka maka ua like ia me ka piʻi ʻana o 300 degere o ka myopia.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka diopter o ka myopia axial ma mua o 600 degere o ka myopia.Ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana o ka diopter o ka myopia axial ʻāpana i 600 degere, hoʻomau ka lōʻihi o ka axial o ka maka.Hiki i ka myopia diopter ke piʻi aku ma mua o 1000 degere, a i kekahi manawa hiki i 2000 degere.Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano myopia progressive high myopia a i ʻole deformed myopia.
Loaʻa i nā maka nā loli pathological e like me ka myopia kiʻekiʻe, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoponopono pono ʻia ka ʻike.He moʻolelo ʻohana ko kēia ʻano myopia a pili pū kekahi.Loaʻa ka manaʻolana no ka hoʻomalu a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wā kamaliʻi, akā ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano he kanaka makua.
Kapa ʻia ka myopia axial plastic i ka myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo.ʻO nā kumu, e like me ka nele o nā huaora a me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana, hiki ke kumu i ka myopia, a me ka myopia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ophthalmia a i ʻole nā maʻi kino.Ua mahele hou ia i ka plastic temporary pseudomyopia, plastic intermediate myopia a me ka plastic axial myopia.
(a) Pseudomyopia no ka manawa pōkole:ʻOi aku ka pōkole o kēia ʻano myopia ma mua o ka plastic temporary pseudomyopia.ʻO kēia ʻano myopia, e like me ka pseudomyopia pōkole, hiki ke hoʻi i ka ʻike maʻamau i kahi manawa pōkole.Pono nā ʻano like ʻole o ka myopia i nā ʻano hana hoʻōla.Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka plastic temporary pseudomyopia: ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nā kumu, hoʻomaikaʻi ka ʻike;i ka wā e ala mai ai nā mea hou, e hoʻomau ka hohonu o ka myopia.ʻO ka maʻamau, aia kahi pae plasticity mai 25 a 300 degere.
(b) Plastic myopia waena:ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka ʻike maka ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kumu, a ʻaʻohe plastic myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻolōʻihi i ke axis ʻike.
(c) Palaki axial myopia:Ke ulu ka pseudomyopia plastic i loko o ke ʻano myopia axial i myopia maoli, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ʻike.Hoʻohana ʻia ka lawelawe hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻolaʻa Myopia 1+1, a ua lohi ka wikiwiki o ka ho'ōla.Pono ka manawa lōʻihi loa.
(3) Puhui myopia:noho pū nā ʻano mua ʻelua o ka myopia
3. Hoʻohālikelike e like me ka holomua o ka maʻi a me nā loli pathological
(1) Myopia maʻalahi:ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka myopia juvenile, he ʻano maʻamau ia o ka myopia.ʻAʻole maopopo nā kumu genetic.ʻO ka mea nui e pili ana i ka ukana ʻike kiʻekiʻe i ka wā ʻōpio a me ka ulu ʻana.Me ka makahiki a me ka hoʻomohala kino, i kekahi mau makahiki, e ʻano paʻa.He haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa paha ka degere o ka myopia, hele mālie ka myopia, a maikaʻi ka ʻike i hoʻoponopono ʻia.
(3) Pathological myopia:ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka progressive myopia, ʻo ia ka hapa nui o nā kumu genetic.Ke hoʻomau nei ka hohonu ʻana o ka myopia, holomua wikiwiki i ka wā ʻōpio, a ke ulu mau nei ka maka o ka maka ma hope o 20 mau makahiki.Hoʻopili pū ʻia me nā pilikia e like me ka degeneration retinal ma ka pole hope o ka maka, myopic arc spots, macular hemorrhage, a me postterior scleral staphyloma, ʻo ka maʻi e ulu a hohonu a ulu;maikaʻi ʻole ka hopena hoʻoponopono ʻike ma nā pae hope loa.
4.Classification e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikaika hoʻoponopono.
(1) Pseudomyopia:ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka myopia accommodative, ma muli o ka hana lōʻihi lōʻihi, hoʻonui i ka haʻahaʻa ʻike, hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaha, ʻoluʻolu a i ʻole spasm accommodative.Hiki ke nalowale ka myopia ma o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻonui ai i nā haumāna.Eia naʻe, manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo kēia ʻano myopia ka pae mua o ka hanana myopia a me ka ulu ʻana.
(2) Myopia maoli:Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau cycloplegic a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole e emi ka degere myopia a i ʻole ke emi ʻana o ke degere o ka myopia ma lalo o 0.50D.
(3) Miopia huikau:e pili ana i ka diopter o ka myopia i hōʻemi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau cycloplegic a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka emmetropic state.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo a i ʻole hoʻopunipuni ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana.Hiki i nā maka ke hoʻonui iā lākou iho mai kahi mamao a kokoke i nā mea, a ke hilinaʻi nei kēia mana zoom i ka hana hoʻoponopono o nā maka.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hana noho ʻole o nā maka i: accommodative temporary pseudomyopia a accommodative myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo.
ʻO ka pseudomyopia no ka manawa lōʻihi, hoʻomaikaʻi ka ʻike ma hope o ka mydriasis, a hoʻomaikaʻi ka ʻike ma hope o ka hoʻomaha ʻana o nā maka no kekahi manawa.I loko o ka myopia intermediate accommodative, ʻaʻole hiki i ka acuity ʻike ma hope o ka dilation ke hiki i 5.0, maʻamau ka axis o ka maka, a ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o ka maka.Ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke degere myopia kūpono e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ka ʻike maka o 5.0.
ʻO ka myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo.E pili ana i ka hiki ʻole o ka pseudomyopia accommodative e hoʻihoʻi i ka manawa.No ka manawa lōʻihi kēia kūlana, a ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ke koʻi o ka maka i mea e hoʻololi ai i kēia wahi ʻike kokoke.
Ma hope o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ʻana o ka lōʻihi axial o ka maka, hoʻomaha nā ʻiʻo ciliary o ka maka a hoʻi ka convexity o ka lens i ka mea maʻamau.Ua hoʻopau ʻo Myopia i kahi kaʻina evolutionary hou.Hoʻonui ʻia kēlā me kēia axial lōʻihi o ka maka e 1mm.Hoʻonui ka myopia i 300 degere.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo.He ʻokoʻa loa kēia ʻano myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo mai ka myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo axial.ʻO kēia ʻano myopia ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi ka hiki ke hoʻōla ʻia ka ʻike.
Hoʻohui i ka hoʻokaʻawale myopia
Pono mākou e ʻike ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ka pseudomyopia ʻaʻole ia he "myopia" no ka mea hiki i kēia "myopia" ke noho i loko o kekahi, i kekahi kūlana refractive, a i kēlā me kēia manawa, a luhi nā maka.ʻO ka myopia e nalowale ana ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā haumāna he pseudomyopia, a ʻo ka myopia e mau nei he myopia maoli.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka myopia axial ma muli o ke kumu o nā mea ʻino i ka media refractive i loko o ka maka.
Inā emmetropic ka maka, e hoʻopololei nā ʻano media refractive o ka maka i ke kukui ma luna o ka retina.No ka poʻe emmetropic, ua pili pono ka mana refractive o nā ʻano media refractive like ʻole i ka maka a me ka mamao (eye axis) mai ka cornea ma mua o ka maka a i ka retina ma hope.
Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana refractive a lōʻihi paha ka mamao, e hāʻule ana ke kukui i mua o ka retina ke nānā aku i kahi mamao, ʻo ia ka myopia.ʻO ka myopia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mana refractive kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia ka myopia refractive (ma muli o ke ʻano o ka corneal abnormalities, lens abnormalities, cataracts, diabetes, etc.) loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā kānaka)).
Hoʻokumu ka hapa nui o nā kānaka i ka myopia i nā manawa like ʻole.Ua hānau ʻia kekahi me ka myopia, he myopic kekahi i ka wā ʻōpio, a lilo kekahi i myopic i ka wā makua.Wahi a ka manawa o ka myopia, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka myopia congenital (hānau ʻia ka myopia), myopia mua (ma lalo o 14 mau makahiki), myopia hope loa (16 a 18 mau makahiki), a me myopia hope loa (ma hope o makua).
Aia kekahi inā e loli ka diopter ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ka myopia.Inā ʻaʻole e loli ka diopter no nā makahiki ʻelua, ua paʻa.Inā lōʻihi ka diopter i loko o ʻelua mau makahiki, ua holomua.
Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka myopia classification
Ma nā kahua o ka lāʻau ophthalmology a me ka optometry, nui nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻē aʻe o ka myopia, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻolauna ma muli o ka ʻike microscopic.Nui nā ʻano o ka myopia, ʻaʻole kūʻē.Hōʻike wale lākou i ka paʻakikī a me ka maopopo ʻole o ke ʻano o ka hanana myopia a me ka ulu ʻana.Pono mākou e wehewehe a hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano o ka myopia mai nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻO ka pilikia myopia o kēlā me kēia poʻe myopia he lālā ia o ka māhele myopia pili.He mea kānalua ʻole ka ʻepekema ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka myopia me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka helu myopia.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-24-2023